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Taxes are on the ballot this November—not just in the sense that candidates at all levels are offering their visions for taxA tax is a mandatory payment or charge collected by local, state, and national governments from individuals or businesses to cover the costs of general government services, goods, and activities.
policy, but also in the literal sense that voters in some states will get to decide important questions about how their states raise revenue. North Dakotans will decide whether to abolish the property taxA property tax is primarily levied on immovable property like land and buildings, as well as on tangible personal property that is movable, like vehicles and equipment. Property taxes are the single largest source of state and local revenue in the U.S. and help fund schools, roads, police, and other services.
; Washingtonians will determine the fate of the state’s relatively new tax on capital gains income; Oregonians will rule on whether to implement the nation’s highest gross receipts taxA gross receipts tax, also known as a turnover tax, is applied to a company’s gross sales, without deductions for a firm’s business expenses, like costs of goods sold and compensation. Unlike a sales tax, a gross receipts tax is assessed on businesses and apply to business-to-business transactions in addition to final consumer purchases, leading to tax pyramiding.
rate; Utahns will resolve whether to keep income taxes fully earmarked for education; South Dakotans will choose whether to exempt groceries from the sales taxA sales tax is levied on retail sales of goods and services and, ideally, should apply to all final consumption with few exemptions. Many governments exempt goods like groceries; base broadening, such as including groceries, could keep rates lower. A sales tax should exempt business-to-business transactions which, when taxed, cause tax pyramiding.
—and on it goes.
Some measures are modest; others are monumental. Below, we highlight eight of the most significant measures (often with links to further analysis), then briefly summarize all 21 tax-related measures on state ballots this fall. On Election Day, this page will be updated regularly with live results for the eight featured measures.
Featured Ballot Measures
Georgia Personal Property Tax ExemptionA tax exemption excludes certain income, revenue, or even taxpayers from tax altogether. For example, nonprofits that fulfill certain requirements are granted tax-exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), preventing them from having to pay income tax.
Increase Measure
This measure would increase the tangible personal property (TPP) de minimis exemption in Georgia from $7,500 to $20,000. As a result, small businesses would be able to exempt some (or most) of their machinery, equipment, fixtures, and supplies from property taxes. Compliance costs for businesses would decrease significantly, with minimal impact on the state government. While this is a positive development, the new exemption level would still be much lower than in many other states, such as Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Michigan, Montana, and Rhode Island (all have exemptions of $50,000 or more). To remain competitive and foster a favorable business climate for entrepreneurs, Georgia could consider further raising the TPP de minimis exemption or eliminating personal property from the property tax baseThe tax base is the total amount of income, property, assets, consumption, transactions, or other economic activity subject to taxation by a tax authority. A narrow tax base is non-neutral and inefficient. A broad tax base reduces tax administration costs and allows more revenue to be raised at lower rates.
altogether in the future. Click here for more information about this measure’s path to the ballot.
Illinois Income Tax Advisory Question
Illinois’ Income Tax Advisory Question is a non-binding question that would not change Illinois law but is designed to gauge public opinion. This advisory question asks voters if the state constitution should be amended to create an additional 3 percent tax on income exceeding $1 million to generate new revenue for property tax relief. Illinois’ constitution requires a single-rate individual income taxAn individual income tax (or personal income tax) is levied on the wages, salaries, investments, or other forms of income an individual or household earns. The U.S. imposes a progressive income tax where rates increase with income. The Federal Income Tax was established in 1913 with the ratification of the 16th Amendment. Though barely 100 years old, individual income taxes are the largest source of tax revenue in the U.S.
, and the rate is currently statutorily set at 4.95 percent.
Notably, the advisory question does not specify exactly how the language of the state constitution would be amended, nor does it specify how the property tax relief would be distributed. If a 3 percent surtaxA surtax is an additional tax levied on top of an already existing business or individual tax and can have a flat or progressive rate structure. Surtaxes are typically enacted to fund a specific program or initiative, whereas revenue from broader-based taxes, like the individual income tax, typically cover a multitude of programs and services.
on income exceeding $1 million were enshrined in the language of the constitution itself—similar to the surtax adopted in Massachusetts in 2022—a future constitutional amendment would be needed for that rate to ever be reduced or eliminated, requiring a three-fifths vote in both houses of the Illinois legislature followed by approval from a majority of Illinois voters in a general election. With an additional income tax rate of 3 percent, Illinois’ top marginal individual income tax rate would be 7.95 percent, making it the 10th highest in the country. Pass-through businesses, which face an existing surcharge, would have a new top rate of 9.45 percent. If the constitution were amended to simply remove the flat taxAn income tax is referred to as a “flat tax” when all taxable income is subject to the same tax rate, regardless of income level or assets.
requirement without prescribing new rates within the constitution, legislators could change Illinois’ income tax rate schedule in a manner that raises taxes on many Illinoisans. In 2020, a proposed constitutional amendment to remove the flat tax requirement was soundly rejected by Illinois voters.
North Dakota Initiated Measure 4, Prohibit Taxes on Assessed Value of Real Property Initiative
Initiated Measure 4 is a Constitutional Initiated Measure brought by North Dakota citizens to prohibit the state government and all local taxing entities from assessing a property tax on real or personal property, which could eliminate over $1.5 billion per year in local funding, with the intent that these localities would be made whole by the state. The measure does not, however, establish what revenue options the state could pursue to generate this additional revenue, and alternative sources—like higher income or sales taxes—would be more damaging to North Dakota’s economy than the existing property tax. Measure 4 also prohibits localities from issuing bonds after February 2, 2025. Click here to read more about this measure.
Oregon Measure 118, Corporate Tax Revenue Rebate for Residents Initiative
Measure 118 (formerly IP-17) would establish a new 3 percent corporate minimum tax on Oregon gross sales above $25 million, adding another gross receipts tax to the state’s tax system and significantly altering the composition of state revenues. For a business with a 7 percent profit margin, this is equivalent to a 43 percent corporate income taxA corporate income tax (CIT) is levied by federal and state governments on business profits. Many companies are not subject to the CIT because they are taxed as pass-through businesses, with income reportable under the individual income tax.
. The new tax would be imposed in lieu of the corporate income tax for most taxpayers, but in addition to the 0.57 percent Corporate Activity Tax (CAT) and a range of local and regional business income taxes. While proponents argue that only the largest corporations would be affected, our estimates show that more than 1,500 firms would be subject to the tax, with the greatest impact on sectors with the lowest profit margins, such as retail trade. Moreover, Oregon-based businesses not directly subject to the tax would see an increased cost of doing business since many of their factors of production would be subject to the tax. Tax pyramidingTax pyramiding occurs when the same final good or service is taxed multiple times along the production process. This yields vastly different effective tax rates depending on the length of the supply chain and disproportionately harms low-margin firms. Gross receipts taxes are a prime example of tax pyramiding in action.
is likely, especially in value chains dominated by large corporations, which could lead to considerable price increases for Oregon residents while driving up the cost of doing business in Oregon. In return, Oregon residents who spend more than 200 days in the state would receive rebates financed through this new tax. For further analysis of this measure, click here. Additional analysis is forthcoming.
South Dakota Initiated Measure 28, Prohibit Food and Grocery Taxes Initiative
South Dakota Initiated Measure 28 would prohibit state sales taxes on items sold for human consumption, excluding alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and prepared foods. This measure, if passed, would eliminate the 4.2 percent state sales tax on groceries, potentially reducing state revenues by approximately $124 million annually, starting in July 2025. Local governments, however, would continue to be able to tax grocery purchases. Proponents argue it would alleviate food insecurity and promote economic fairness, while opponents warn of potentially significant budget shortfalls and consequent cuts to public services, which may aggravate hardships or lead to an increase in or imposition of other taxes. The measure would also reduce revenue neutrality and shrink the tax base. Notably, while it makes intuitive sense that grocery exemptions would help low-income households, existing exemptions for purchases made with SNAP benefits result in the bulk of the benefit flowing to middle- and higher-income earners. Click here for a Tax Foundation analysis of grocery tax exemptions. Specific analysis of the South Dakota proposal is forthcoming.
Utah Constitutional Requirements for Education Funding Amendment
Utah is the only state to fully earmark how its income tax revenue is spent, limiting lawmakers’ ability to balance the budget and adding an additional wrinkle to any efforts to rebalance among income, sales, and other taxes. Under a pending constitutional question, Utah voters could eliminate the earmark, which dedicates all funding to K-12 and higher education. Such a vote would also trigger the elimination of the state (but not local) tax on groceries, which lawmakers approved conditional upon voters ratifying this constitutional amendment. For a full analysis, click here.
Washington Initiative 2109, Repeal Capital Gains TaxA capital gains tax is levied on the profit made from selling an asset and is often in addition to corporate income taxes, frequently resulting in double taxation. These taxes create a bias against saving, leading to a lower level of national income by encouraging present consumption over investment.
Initiative
Initiative 2109 would repeal a controversial tax on capital gains income. Despite constitutional restrictions on income taxation, Washington lawmakers implemented—and the state supreme court affirmed—a tax on high earners’ net capital gains income, with the court concluding that the tax is on the privilege of earning income, not on the income itself, even if it is levied according to net capital gains income. While the tax only applies to capital gains income of $250,000 or more, opponents have pointed to the tax’s volatility, as it is uniquely sensitive to stock market swings, as well as its vulnerability to the outmigration of high-net-worth individuals. Additionally, while regular year-to-year payers of the tax are certainly wealthy, most people who pay the tax at some point in their lives will be ordinary taxpayers who have just sold a home or business. And the logic employed by the court in approving the tax despite constitutional constraints could just as easily apply to wage income (a tax on the privilege of employment, or of earning wage income), and lawmakers have already begun considering lowering the capital gains income threshold to capture far more taxpayers. For more on the existing tax, click here. Additional analysis of the ballot measure is forthcoming.
Wyoming Property Tax on Residential Property and Owner-Occupied Primary Residences Amendment
This legislatively referred constitutional amendment would add residential property as a fourth class of property to the state’s tax code. Additionally, the measure would authorize the legislature to create a new subclass of residential property for owner-occupied primary residences with a distinct assessment ratio. If approved, it would expand the state’s split roll (or differentiated) property tax system. Split roll property tax regimes introduce non-neutrality to the tax code by changing the incentives to own or invest in certain types of property over others. It also shifts more of the tax burden to renters, who often have lower incomes than homeowners. Moreover, a differentiated tax system can encourage lawmakers to increase the property tax burden on some classes of property, often to the detriment of businesses, to generate additional revenue without being seen as raising taxes on homeowners. These issues could be exacerbated if the amendment were to be approved by voters, and potentially more so if the legislature opts to create a new subclass of residential property with its own assessment ratio. Additional analysis of the ballot measure is forthcoming.
All Tax-Related Ballot Measures
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